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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/addressdeliveredOOIialliala 


AN    ADDRESS 

DELIVERED  AT 

THE  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING 

OF 

THE    ZOOLOGICAL    CLUB 

OF 

THE  LINNEAN  SOCIETY, 

HELD   AT   THE    SOCIETY'S    HOUSE,   IN    SOHO-SQUARE, 
NoVEKBEB  29,  1827. 

By  J.  G.  CHILDREN,  Esg.  F.R.S.  L.  &  E. 

CHAIRMAN. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  BY   RICHARD   TAYLOR,    RED   LION   COURT,    FLEET   STREET. 

1827. 


Meeting  of  the  Zoological  Club  of  the  Linnean  Society, 
November  29th,  1827. 

"  Resolved, — That  Mr.  Children  be  requested  to  allow  his 
Address  to  be  printed,  for  distribution  among  the  Members  of 
the  Linnean  Society. 

E.  T.  BENNETT,  Sec." 


stack 
Annex 

5aiS602 


ADDRESS. 

_^ Gentlemen,'  '    , 

An  compliance  with  the  example  set  by  your  late  excellent 
Chairman,  I  feel  it  incumbent  on  me  before  I  quit  this  seat, 
briefly  to  address  you  on  the  principal  transactions  of  the 
Society,  and  the  progress  which  Zoology  has  made  in  this 
country  during  the  last  twelve  months.  But  first  I  must 
pay  the  debt  of  gratitude  which  I  owe  to  the  members  of 
the  Zoological  Club,  individually  and  collectively,  for  the 
honour  of  having  been  elected  your  Chairman  for  the  year 
just  past, — an  honour  due  solely  to  your  kindness,  not  to 
my  deserts ;  and  I  fear  that  I  have  executed  the  duties 
of  the  situation  veiy  imperfectly,  for  I  began  the  fasci- 
nating pursuit  of  Zoological  science  too  late  in  life  to  expect 
to  make  great  proficiency  in  it.  I  feel  that  the  Chairman 
of  this  Society  should  combine,  like  my  immediate  prede- 
cessor, long  experience  in  the  various  branches  of  that  in- 
terminable science,  with  extensive  reading,  deep  research, 
and  great  critical  acumen.  But  though  I  cannot  boast  such 
qualifications,  I  will  yield  to  no  man  in  point  of  ardent  at- 
tachment to  Zoology,  and  zeal  for  its  success.  Circum- 
stances compelled  me  to  abandon  a  darling  pursuit,  to  which 
I  had  for  many  years  devoted  myself,  for  another,  then  al- 
most new  to  me.  I  will  not  deny  that  the  sacrifice  was  a 
painful  one,  and  not  made  without  considerable  reluctance; 

A  2 


but  were  I  to  begin  life  again,  and  had  the  option  of  de- 
voting myself  to  Chemistry  or  Zoology,  (with  the  knowledge 
I  have  since  acquired  of  each,)  I  think  I  should  prefer  the 
latter,  as  opening  a  more  extensive  view,  if  possible,  of  the 
works  of  Nature;  certainly  introducing  us  to  k  more  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  the  almost  infinite  variety  and  beauty  of 
organized  forms,  and  consequently  leading  the  mind  to  a 
deeper  sense  of  adoration  of  that  Power  through  "  whom 
we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being." 

The  first  subject  to  which  I  shall  call  your  attention,  are 
the  additions  that  have  been  made  to  the  British  Fauna 
during  the  last  year,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain 
them :  and  if  through  inadvertence  or  ignorance  I  omit  any 
particulars  on  this  or  any  other  subject  which  ought  to  be 
mentioned,  I  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  gentleman  who  will 
have  the  goodness,  when  I  have  concluded,  to  supply  the 
deficiency.      '-.  i- 

In  the  higher  classes  we  cannot  expect  many  annual  ad- 
ditions. The  smallest  of  the  subjects  which  compose  the 
classes  of  Mammalia  and  Aves  are  too  obvious  to  sight  to 
escape  the  notice  even  of  careless  observers:  their  secret 
retreats  are  for  the  most  part  easily  accessible;  and  in  point 
of  number  of  species,  greatly  as  the  catalogue  has  been  in-  , 
creased  of  late  years,  they  fall  very  far  short  of  those  which 
compose  the  inferior  classes.  It  is  rather  singular,  therefore, 
that  I  should  have  to  notice  the  addition  of  no  less  than 
three  species  of  Mammalia,  which  are  now  for  the  first  time 
to  be  added  to  our  Fauna.  In  the  second  volume  of  the 
Zoological  Journal,  Mr.  Gray  has  given  a  list  of  ten  species 
of  VespertilionicUE  found  in  Great  Britain.  In  this  list  he 
has  not  included  V.  barbastellusy  the  specimen  so  called  by 
Montagu  being  in  the  British  Museum,  and  proving  on 
more  accurate  examination  to  be  V.  mystacintis  of  Leisler : 
"  so  that  it  is  doubtful,"  says  Mr.  Gray,  «  whether  that 


species  {barbastellus)  is  a  native  of  these  islands."  Since 
that  period,  however,  three  Bats  have  been  sent  to  the  Mu- 
seum by  Dr.  Leach,  as  new  to  Britain. 

One  of  these  is  a  very  good  specimen  of  the  true  V.  bar- 
bastellus, from  Kingsbridge  in  Devonshire.  Another  is 
the  V.  pipistrellus,  Gmel.  from  the  North  of  Scotland,  dif- 
fering essentially  from  V.  pygmcEus  of  Dr.  Leach.  And  the 
third  is  V.  discolor,  Natterer,  from  Mount  Batten,  near 
Plymouth, — a  species  perfectly  distinct  from  all  the  other 
English  Vespertilionidce,  having  the  peculiar  colours  of  the 
barbastellus,  to  which  it  is  most  nearly  allied :  but  its  ears 
are  not  united  over  the  front,  and  it  is  more  than  twice  as 
large  as  that  species.  Mr.  Gray's  doubts,  thereforCj  though 
well  founded  at  the  time  he  expressed  them,  are  now  done 
away  with ;  and  we  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Leach  for  having 
enabled  us  to  reckon  thirteen  species  of  Bats  as  natives  of 
Great  Britain.  Turton,  in  his  "  British  Fauna,"  mentions 
only  five ;  and  in  the  edition  of  Pennant,  published  in  1812, 
but  six  species  are  enumerated. 

Of  Birds,  I  have  to  mention  three  species  by  which  our 
Fauna  has  been  enriched  in  the  course  of  the  last  year. 
The  first,  the  Sylvia  suecica  of  Latham,  Mr.  Fox  tells  us 
was  shot  on  the  Town  Moor  of  Newcastle,  in  the  spring 
of  1826,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Embleton,  and  is  now  preserved 
in  the  Newcastle  Museum.  The  second,  the  Tringa  nt- 
fescens  of  Vieillot,  was  killed  at  Melbourne  in  Cambridge- 
shire, in  September  1826,  and  exhibited  at  this  Club  on  the 
12th  of  December  following,  by  Mr.  Yarrell.  The  third 
is  the  Tringa  Temminckii ;  although  perhaps  this  last  bird 
can  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  added  to  our  Fauna  in  the 
course  of  the  last  year :  the  first  distinct  notice,  however, 
of  its  certainly  being  entitled  to  a  place  in  it,  was  given  by 
Mr.  Yarrell  on  the  evening  just  alluded  to. 

In  Reptiles,  I  am  not  aware  of  any  new  subject  having 


been  added  to  our  Fauna  during  the  last  twelve  months : 
but  in  the  class  Pisces,  I  am  happy  in  having  it  in  my  power 
to  announce  for  the  first  time,  our  right  to  inscribe  the  Ba- 
listes  Capriscus,  Linn,  in  the  list  of  British  Fishes,  and  at 
the  same  time  of  exhibiting  the  specimen  to  the  members  of 
the  Zoological  Club.  It  was  taken  on  the  Sussex  coast  in 
the  month  of  August  last.  It  is  a  Mediten'anean  fish,  and 
is  met  with  also  in  the  American  seas ;  but  I  cannot  find 
that  it  is  any  where  recorded  as  having  been  before  taken  in 
the  English  Channel.  t 

In  the  Acephalous  Mollusca,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Berkeley  has 
noticed  a  new  Modiola  (M.  rhombea),  a  single  specimen  of 
which  was  dredged  up  at  Weymouth,  in  August  1826,  ad- 
hering by  a  byssus  to  a  large  mass  of  slate.  Of  the  Cepha- 
lopoday  the  Octopus  moschatuSi  Lam.  has  been  taken  se- 
veral times  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall :  and  of  the  Gaste- 
ropoda, a  species  of  Scissurella  has  been  found  on  the  coast 
of  Scotland,  by  Dr.  Fleming ;  although  perhaps  this  may 
ultimately  prove  to  be  merely  a  young  Haliotis.  In  the 
Madiata,  a  most  interesting  discovery  of  a  recent  Penta- 
crinus  (P.  Eitropceus,  Thomps.)  has  been  made  on  the  coast 
of  Ireland,  in  the  Cove  of  Cork,  by  Mr.  Thompson ;  and  in 
the  Polyparia,  a  species  of  Caryophyllia  has  been  found  in 
Plymouth  Sound,  whose  animal  inhabitant  appears  to  be 
the  C  solitaria,  described  by  Lesueur  in  the  sixth  volume 
of  the  "Memoires  du  Museum;"  and  which,  though  known 
for  some  time,  has  not,  I  believe,  been  hitherto  recorded 
as  a  British  species. 

Of  Crustacea,  Dr.  Johnston  has  recorded  the  discovery 
of  four  species  of  Gammarus  ;  viz.  G.  maculatus,  punctatus, 
dubius,  and  nolens, — all  taken  near  Berwick. 

In  Entomology,  Mr.  Curtis  has  given  us  on  the  wrapper 
of  the  last  Number  of  his  invaluable  and  beautiful  work,  a 
niraierous  list  of  rare  or  local  Insects  taken  during  the  pre- 


sent  year  by  Mr.  Dale  and  himself:  and  he  has  also  had 
the  goodness  to  inform  me,  that  his  friend  Mr.  J.  Spar- 
shall,  F.L.S.  has  communicated  to  him  two  insects  perfectly 
new  to  this  comitry;  namely,  Clytus  quadripunctattiSf  Fab., 
and  Chrysomela  Sparshalli^  Curtis  MSS.  Of  the  latter, 
Mr.  Curtis  says, — "  a  beautiful  insect,  which  I  cannot  find 
either  figured,  described,  or  in  any  cabinet."  Bostrichus 
eapucimts,  Oliv.,  has  also  been  taken  this  year  in  Norfolk ; 
but  of  this  there  are  three  or  four  other  specimens  besides 
those  of  Mr.  Sparshall. 

Mr.  Stephens  has  also  been  particularly  successful  in  bis 
Entomological  excursions  during  the  past  summer ;  and.  a 
reference  to  the  Eighth  Number  of  his  "Illustrations  of 
British  Entomology,"  hereafter  to  be  noticed,  will  show  how 
rich  a  harvest  of  novelties  may  be  reaped  by  those  who 
practise  the  most  gratifying  department  of  this  interesting 
branch  of  Natural  History. 

Of  the  Members  and  Visiters,  who  by  their  communi- 
cations and  remarks  have  chiefly  contributed  to  the  interest 
of  our  evening  meetings  during  the  past  year,  our  thanks 
are  especially  due  to  our  learned  and  zealous  Secretary :  to 
Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte,  Prince  of  Musignano;  and  to 
Messrs.  Audubon,  Bell,  Brookes,  Broderip,  Gray,  Har- 
wood,  Horsfield,  Leadbeater,  and  Yarrell.  And  I  shall  now 
very  briefly  recapitulate  the  principal  subjects  that  have 
occupied  your  attention  on  these  occasions ;  both  to  refresh 
our  memories,  and  as  a  tribute  of  respect  to  those  gentle- 
men by  whom  it  was  so  agreeably  and  usefully  excited. 

I  have  already  had  occasion  to  mention  Mr.  YaiTeH's 
contributions  to  our  Fauna  during  the  past  year ;  besides 
which,  that  gentleman  has  many  claims  to  our  gratitude  for 
other  communications.  He  corrected  an  error  of  M.  Tem- 
minck,  who  has  stated  that  the  Kentish  Plover,  Charadrinf 
Cantianus,  is  abundant  in  England,  which  is  by  no  means 


the  case.  The  same  indefatigable  Naturalist  also  commu- 
nicated some  most  interesting  observations  on  the  tracheae 
of  birds,  and  at  the  same  time  illustrated  them  by  the  ex- 
hibition of  a  great  variety  of  skeletons  and  tracheae.  This 
paper  will  appear  in  the  **  Transactions  of  the  Linnean  So- 
ciety." We  are  also  indebted  to  the  same  acute  observer 
for  the  first  correct  explanation  of  the  singular  change  of 
plumage  in  some  Hen  Pheasants  and  certain  other  female 
birds,  which  he  communicated  to  this  Club  in  March  last. 
He  subsequently  presented  a  paper  on  that  subject  to  the 
Royal  Society,  which  is  nowpublished  in  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions"  for  the  present  year.  Mr.  Yarrell  also  read 
another  paper  to  the  Club,  entitled  "  General  Observations 
on  British  Birds  of  Prey,"  and  illustrated  the  subject  by 
numerous  preparations :  and  on  various  occasions  exhibited 
several  rare  British  birds  to  the  inspection  of  the  Members. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Club  soon  after  the  last  Anniversary, 
the  Prince  of  Musignano  favoured  us  with  some  remarks 
on  the  Tringa  nifescens,  which  he  stated  closely  resembles 
a  species  recently  described  by  him  under  the  name  of 
T.pectoralis.  And  on  an  occasion  when  Mr.  Leadbeater  had 
the  goodness  to  exhibit  several  birds  of  North  America, 
— among  which  were  Vultur  Califomianus^  Shaw.,  Corvus 
Stellerif  Lath.,  a  new  species  of  Phaleris,  Teram.,  and 
many  others, — the  Prince  proposed  to  denominate  the  latter 
Phaleris  cerorhyncha. 

A  paper  on  the  Anatomy  of  certain  Birds  of  Cuba,  by 
William  Sharp  MacLeay,  Esq.,  has  occupied  portions  of 
some  of  your  evenings. 

Mr.  Bell  exhibited  in  March  last,  specimens  and  draw- 
ings of  the  Testudinata  of  Klein,  to  illustrate  the  natural 
aflfinities  and  distribution  of  this  order  of  reptiles.  Five 
principal  forms  exist  in  this  Order,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  the  types  of  so  many  families ;  the  peculiar  dis- 


tinctive  characters  of  each  of  which  Mr.  Bell  pointed  out, 
as  well  as  those  common  to  each,  and  to  the  families  most 
nearly  allied  to  it.  Mr.  Bell  also  adverted  to  the  area  or 
scabrous  central  portion  of  each  plate,  as  a  character 
hitherto  little  attended  to  in  the  discrimination  of  species. 
This  area  is  always  fully  developed  when  the  young  tortoise 
quits  the  egg,  and  never  increases  in  size ;  the  subsequent 
growth  of  the  plate  being  effected  by  lateral  layers. — Mr.  Bell 
also  adverted  in  the  same  communication  to  a  new  kind  of 
Box  Tortoise,  in  which  the  moveable  portion  of  the  shell 
forming  the  box  exists  in  the  costal  plates  and  not  in  the 
sternal.  He  has  called  this  genus  Kinyxis,  which  with 
another  new  genus,  named  by  him  Pyxis,  forms  the  subject 
of  a  paper  to  be  published  in  the  forth-coming  part  of  the 
"  Linnean  Transactions." — In  April,  Mr.  Bell  exhibited  a 
Viper  to  the  Members,  whose  oesophagus  had  been  ruptured 
in  swallowing  a  mouse. 

Mr.  Vigors, — to  whose  ardour  and  liberal  spirit  not  only 
the  Zoological  Club  and  that  Society  of  which  (without 
offence  to  any  other  of  its  most  zealous  patrons)  he  is  justly 
regarded  as  the  great  prop  and  support, — to  whose  ardour, 
I  say,  not  only  these  institutions,  but  the  Zoological  world ,  ^ 
at  large,  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  they  can  never  cancel, — 
Mr.  Vigors  has  so  continually  enhanced  the  interest  of 
your  meetings  by  his  communications  and  remarks,  that  it 
seems  almost  superfluous  to  attempt  to  particularize  the 
occasions  on  which  he  has  addressed  you.  In  conformity 
however  with  the  plan  I  have  adopted,  I  must  remind  you 
that  at  a  meeting  in  December  he  exhibited  several  speci- 
mens of  Psittacidcs,  especially  some  of  the  New  Holland 
forms,  lately  characterized  by  Dr.  Horsfield  and  himself; 
and  confuted  with  great  force  and  ability  some  recent  cri-  ' 
ticisms  (if  they  can  be  called  criticisms)  in  the  " Dictionnaire 
des  Sciences  Naturelles"  in  opposition  to  his  mode  of  sub- 


10 

dividing  that  family ;  pointing  out  the  striking  typical  dif- 
ferences which  had  guided  him  therein,  and  contending 
with  consummate  felicity  and  success,  that  the  types  of 
those  generic  groups  have  external  and  internal  distinc- 
tive characters,  as  tangible  and  important  as  any  of  those 
hitherto  employed  in  separating  the  most  generally  acknow- 
ledged groups  in  Ornithology ;  and  that  the  differences  of 
habit  correspond  with  those  differences  of  character. — In 
March,  Mr.  Vigors  favoured  the  Club  with  his  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  Geographical  Distribution  of  Birds,"  especi- 
ally with  reference  to  the  forms  met  with  in  New  Holland ; 
and  continued  the  subject  at  a  subsequent  meeting  in  June, 
at  which  some  remarks  connected  with  it  were  also  deli-^ 
vered  by  Dr.  Horsfield. — Mr.  Vigors's  last  communication 
is  of  too  recent  a  date  to  require  that  I  should  do  more 
than  remind  you  how  ably  he  commented  on  the  treasures 
lately  sent  by  Captain  King  from  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
illustrating  every  subject  with  explanatory  remarks,  and 
conferring  on  the  indefatigable  Naturalist  who  collected 
them,  the  honourable  tribute  of  a  well-merited  eulogy.     V 

In  April,  Dr.  Harwood  read  a  paper  on  the  Oran  Otang 
of  Borneo;  and  some  observations  on  the  subject  were  made 
by  Mr.  Brookes,  who  explained  the  difference  between 
the  skeletons  of  the  Chimpanzee  and  the  Simla  Satyrus. 
Dr.  Harwood's  paper  will  appear  in  the  forth-coming  part 
of  the  "  Linnean  Transactions." 

On  the  same  evening  Mr.  Gray  made  some  observations 
on  Cuvier's  description  of  the  teeth  of  the  genus  Basiliscus 
of  Laurenti,  which  he  stated  appears  to  have  been  taken 
from  Lacerta  Amboinensis,  Linn.,  which  Mr.  Gray  found 
to  agree  with  those  of  the  IguanicUs ;  whilst  the  teeth  of 
Basiliscus  Americanus,  Laur.  correspond  exactly  with  those 
of  the  Agamida,  and  consequently  the  two  species  belong 
to  different  genera.     Mr.  Gray  proposed  to  retain  the  ge- 


hi 

neric  name  of  Basiliscus  for  the  former,  and  to  give  that  of 
Lophura  to  the  latter. — At  subsequent  meetings,  Mr.  Gray 
exhibited  comparative  sketches  of  the  (said  to  be)  foot  of 
the  Dodo  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  one  so  called  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford ;  and  also  commenced 
the  reading  of  a  paper  entitled  "  An  Attempt  at  a  Re- 
vision of  the  Genera  of  Saurian  Reptiles." 

In  May,  Mr.  Audubon  exhibited  numerous  highly  finished 
drawings,  and  five  exquisitely  coloured  plates  of  birds,  in- 
cluding the  male  Wild  Turkey,  all  of  their  natural  size, 
constituting  the  first  Number  of  his  great  work  on  the 
Ornithology  of  North  America;  and  illustrated  them  with 
occasional  remarks  on  the  subjects  they  represent,      i  ^.nci 

From  this  short  sketch  of  what  has  passed  under  oiir 
immediate  observation  within  these  walls  in  the  course  of 
the  last  twelve  months,  I  turn  to  what  has  been  doing  in 
another  quarter,  to  which  we  all  look  with  an  interest  and 
anxiety  commensurate  with  the  importance  attached  to  the 
growth  and  progress  of  that  young  but  promising  child  of 
British  energy  and  science,  the  Zoological  Society.  It  is 
a  glorious  feature  in  the  philosophical  character  of  Great 
Britain,  that  whilst  in  foreign  countries  Science  owes  most 
of  her  success  to  the  fostering  care  of  Royal  patronage,  or 
the  protection  of  executive  power, — here,  with  faint  excep- 
tions, "few  and  far  between,"  she  relies  on  her  own  re- 
sources ;  and,  unlike  the  creeping  parasite,  raises  her  head 
in  independent  dignity  by  the  individual  exertions  of  her 
disinterested  cultivators,  who,  loving  her  for  herself,  seek 
only  to  accelerate  her  progress,  and  establish  her  empire  in 
the  human  mind  on  the  firm  basis  of  immutable  truth.  To 
such  an  origin  the  Zoological  Society  may  proudly  assert 
its  claim ; — ^not  one  shilling  has  been  drawn  from  the  public 
purse  for  its  support:  and  could  it  condescend  to  ask 
such  aid,  I  for  one  would  raise  my  voice  against  the  humir 


12 

liating  petition — Absiste  precando,  virihus  indubitare  tuis. 
But  it  has  not  so  forgot  its  dignity  :  it  has  relied  solely  on 
the  liberal  ardour  of  an  enlightened  people,  and  it  will  still 
rely  on  it ; — nor  will  it  rely  in  vain.  The  spirit  of  its  im- 
mortal Founder  has  gone  forth,  and  will  not  fail  to  light 
up  in  every  heart  capable  of  exalted  feelings,  some  portion 
of  that  fire  which  animated  his  own ;  some  wish,  some 
sacred  hope  of  treading,  with  however  unequal  steps,  in 
the  path  he  has  so  zealously  marked  out  for  them.  In 
saying  that  not  one  shilling  has  been  drawn  from  the  public 
purse  for  the  support  of  the  Zoological  Society,  I  must  not 
be  understood  as  meaning  to  imply  that  therefore  its  wel- 
fare is  a  subject  of  indifference  to  the  gracious  Monarch 
who  wields  the  sceptre  of  these  kingdoms,  or  the  enlightened 
individuals  whom,  in  his  wisdom,  he  has  summoned  to  his 
councils.  That  the  very  reverse  is  tlie  fact,  has  already 
been  confirmed  by  the  exertion  of  Royal  munificence  in 
favour  of  the  Society,  and  by  its  having  at  its  head  one  of 
His  Majesty's  principal  officers  of  state — a  man,  whose 
qualities  of  head  and  heart  have  rarely  been  equalled,  never 
surpassed ;  and  of  whom  both  the  Society  and  the  British 
nation  may  honestly  be  proud.  Such  a  Monarch  and  such 
a  Minister  will  never  be  backward  to  further  the  interests 
of  Science,  when  paramount  claims  shall  happily  cease  to 
divert  the  current  of  national  treasure  into  other  channels, 
and  when  increasing  prosperity  shall  relax  the  strict  bands 
of  public  oeconomy,  by  which  their  natural  impulses  are  at 
present  checked  and  circumscribed.  If  proof  be  wanting 
to  support  this  assertion,  we  need  only  turn  our  eyes  a 
short  space  northward,  for  indisputable  evidence  of  the  in- 
clination of  His  Majesty's  Government  to  further  the  views 
of  the  Zoological  Society :  and  it  is  peculiarly  gratifying  to 
me  to  inform  you,  that  in  addition  to  the  ground  already 
allotted  for  the  gardens  and  vivariuy  final  arrangements 


13 

have  been  very  recently  completed,  for  the  grant  of  the 
lake  and  its  islands  in  the  Regent's  Park,  for  the  purposes 
of  breeding,  rearing,  and  preserving  water-fowl  and  other 
aquatic  animals;  and  for  a  plot  of  ground  for  the  erec- 
tion of  suitable  offices  and  farm-yards,  for  breeding  and 
domesticating  poultry,  &c.  The  right  of  entree  has  also 
been  granted  to  the  Members  of  the  Zoological  Society, 
to  the  walks  and  ornamental  grounds  on  the  West  side  of 
the  Regent's  Park  next  to  the  lake ; — all,  privileges  of  essen- 
tial importance  to  the  Society,  and  gratifying  proofs  of  the 
interest  that  His  Majesty's  Government  takes  in  its  welfare. 
As  an  accurate  and  sufficiently  minute  account  of  the  va- 
luable additions  that  have  lately  been  made  to  the  Society's 
Menagerie  and  Museum  appears  in  the  last  Number  of  the 
"  Zoological  Journal,"  it  would  be  superfluous  to  dwell  on 
them  in  this  place.  I  shall  therefore  merely  state,  that 
among  the  latter,  stands  conspicuous  the  extensive  collec- 
tion of  its  lamented  founder,  the  late  Sir  Thomas  Stamford 
Raffles,  particularly  rich  in  those  rare  animals,  only  lately 
known  to  science,  from  the  eastern  islands;  as  the  male  and 
female  Proboscis  Monkey  {Simla  nasica,  Linn.) — a  new 
species  nearly  allied  to  it, — the  Malay  Bear  {Helarctos 
MalayantiSj  Horsf.);  different  species  of  Tupaia,  and  of 
the  other  new  genera  Mydaiis,  Ictides,  Cn/mnura,  &c. 
The  Birds  include  most  of  the  splendid  species  of  Su- 
matra, particularly  the  gallinaceous  fowls.  Various  new 
and  interesting  species  are  also  found  among  the  Fishes, 
Reptiles,  Insects,  and  Zoophytes.  Various  other  valuable 
animals  have  been  added  by  the  members  and  friends  of 
the  Society :  but  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  late  acquisi- 
tions is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Ostrich,  graciously  presented 
by  His  Majesty.  In  the  menagerie  and  gardens  nearly 
two  hundred  living  animals  are  exhibited  in  suitable 
paddocks,  dens,  and  aviaries;   as  two  beautiful  Llamas, 


14 

from  the  Duke  of  Bedford  and  Mr.  Robert  Barclay ;  ai 
Laopard^  the  gift  of  Lord  Auckland;  Kangaroos^  &  Russian 
Bear,  Bately  Ichneumons^  &c.  &c. :  besides  a  pair  of  EmuSf 
Eagles,  CraneSf  Gulls,  Gannets,  Corvorants ,-  various  Galli- 
naceous Birds,  and  many  others. — The  number  of  Mem- 
bers, whose  names  are  inscribed  in'the  books  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society,  amounts  this  day  to  685. 

The  additions  to  General  Zoology,  diffused  as  the  notices 
are  through  a  great  variety  of  valuable  publications,  Con- 
tinental as  well  as  British,  do  not  require  individual  men- 
tion in  this  place;  and  I  pass  them  over  with  less  reluctance, 
as  the  sources  of  information  to  which  I  have  referred  are 
mutually  available.  ,.  i'>.?«j  v^j'-'i  jvuh  ii.:\i  zno-uu'Dc  u'.ijnin 

The  arrival  of  the  young  Camelopardalis  Girqffa  at  His 
Majesty's  menagerie  in  the  summer  of  the  present  year, 
must  not  be  passed  unnoticed,  as  it  is  the  first  time  that 
that  animal  has  been  seen  alive  in  this  country.  Another 
visitor  also,  but  of  a  very  different  kind,  first  reached  our 
shores  alive  in  the  course  of  this  year, — I  mean  the  Elater 
noctilucus.  Several  individuals  of  the  species  arrived  in  full 
vigour ;  and  for  a  few  days  emitted,  when  excited,  a  most 
lovely  light,  much  greener  in  colour  than  our  common 
glow-worm,  and  more  brilliant.  They  were  brought  from 
the  West  Indies  by  a  friend  of  Mr.  Curtis,  who  has  commu- 
nicated an  interesting  account  of  them  to  the  "  Zoological 
Journal,"  which  will  appear  in  the  next  Number.  Mr.  Curtis 
had  the  goodness  to  present  me  with  a  specimen,  whick  for 
a  day  or  two  after  I  received  it,  retained  its  vigour  and 
brilliancy ;  but  it  soon  languished,  and  ultimately  died,  in 
spite  of  every  effort  I  could  make  to  keep  it  alive :  and  I 
understand  that  all  the  rest  shared  a  similar  fate.  < ' 

Several  instructive  courses  of  Lectures  have  been  given 
in  London  in  the  course  of  last  year,  on  subjects  connected 
with  Zoological  science. 


15 

At  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Mr.  Green  gave  a 
course  on  the  Anatomy  of  Birds. — At  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pital, Mr.  South  lectured  on  Comparative  Anatomy :  and 
Dr.  Roget  on  the  same  subject,  and  Physiology,  at  the 
New  Medical  Theatre  in  Aldersgate-street. — Dr.  Harwood 
gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  Reptilia,  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution.— Mr.  Vigors  lectured  on  several  interesting  sub- 
jects, chiefly  intended  to  illustrate  the  principles  of  the 
Quinary  System;  and  Mr.  Brookes  on  the  Comparative 
Anatomy  of  the  Ostrich,  at  the  Zoological  Society. 

It  remains  to  notice  the  principal  publications  on  subjects 
connected  with  Zoological  science  that  have  appeared  in 
this  country  during  the  last  year.  But  I  have  already  occu- 
pied so  large  a  portion  of  your  time,  that  I  shall  attempt 
little  more  than  a  mere  recapitulation  of  their  titles ;  refer- 
ring the  Members  for  more  minute  acquaintance  with  their 
respective  subjects  to  the  originals  themselves. 

The  Philosophical  Transactions  for  1827,  contain  seven 
papers  on  Zoological  or  Physiological  subjects,  all  of  great 
interest  and  value;  and  some  of  which  I  have  already 
alluded  to. 

The  first  is  the  Croonian  Lecture,  by  Sir  Everard  Home, 
Bart.,  On  the  Mode  of  Propagation  of  the  Common  Oyster 
and  Fresh- water  Muscle.  The  second,  by  Dr.  Harwood,  On 
the  Ophiognafhus,  a  new  genus  of  serpentiform  fishes.  The 
third.  On  the  Structure  of  the  Cells  of  the  Human  Lungs ; 
by  Sir  Everard  Home.  The  fourth.  On  the  Submaxillary 
Odoriferous  Gland  in  the  Genus  Crocodihts;  by  Mr.  Bell. 
The  fifth.  On  the  Change  of  Plumage  in  some  Hen  Phea- 
sants ;  by  Mr.  Yarrell.  The  sixth.  On  the  Effects  of  di- 
viding the  Ner\'es  of  the  Lungs,  and  subjecting  the  latter 
to  Voltaic  Electricity ;  by  Dr.  Wilson  Philip.  And  the 
seventh,  On  the  Effects  of  Excessive  Pulmonary  Circulation 
on  the  Air-cells  of  the  Lungs ;  by  Sir  Everard  Home. 


16 

Before  I  quit  the  subject,  I  must  also  mention,  that  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  on  the  15th  instant,  the 
Croonian  Lecture  for  the  present  year,  by  Sir  Everard 
Home,  was  read ;  and  on  the  following  Thursday,  a  paper 
by  Dr.  Knox :  the  former.  On  the  Peculiarities  in  the  Mus- 
cular Structure  of  the  Tongue  of  the  Giraffe,  and  On  a 
Muscle  belonging  to  the  Eye  of  the  Atmbleps  tetrophthalmus, 
Shaw  (Cobitis  anableps,  Linn.) :  the  latter.  On  the  Structure 
of  the  Knee-joint  of  the  Echidna  spinosa  and  Ornithorhyn- 
chus  paradoxus. 

The  First  Part  of  the  present  volume  of  the  Linnean 
Transactions  has  been  too  long  before  you  to  require  any 
particular  notice  of  its  contents.  The  forth-coming  Second 
Part  contains  a  paper  by  the  Rev.  Lansdown  Guilding,  "  On 
the  Natural  History  of  a  New  Genus  of  Lepidopterous  In- 
sects," which  he  has  named  Oiketicus,  from  the  singular  cir- 
cumstance of  the  female  never  leaving  the  puparium ;  but 
always  keeping  at  home,  she  obliges  her  consort  to  seek 
her  there,  or  forgo  the  nuptial  embrace,  which,  indeed, 
according  to  the  author,  terminates  in  his  destruction. 
Further  particulars  of  the  habits  of  this  very  curious  in- 
sect, (which  Mr.  Guilding  thinks  has  never  been  seen  in 
its  perfect  state  in  Europe,)  and  minutely  detailed  cha- 
racters, generic  and  specific,  conclude  this  interesting 
paper.  The  author  records  two  species,  which  he  has 
named,  respectively,  in  honour  of  our  justly  celebrated 
entomol(^sts  Kirby  and  MacLeay ;  and  the  paper  is  illus- 
trated by  three  beautiful  engravings. 

The  next  paper  is  by  Mr.  Yarrell,  "  On  the  Tracheae  of 
Birds,"  to  which  I  have  already  alluded ;  and  I  only  regret 
that  I  must  relinquish  all  attempt  to  give  any  abstract  of 
its  contents,  from  the  impossibility  of  doing  it  justice  in  the 
very  brief  space  which  my  time  would  allow  me  to  devote 
to  it.     The  paper  is  illustrated  by  seven  well  executed 


17 

lithographic  plates. — For  the  same  reason,  and  with  equal 
reluctance,  I  must  pass  as  rapidly  over  Mr.  Bell's  paper  on 
"Two  New  Genera  of  Land  Tortoises,"  to  which  I  have 
also  already  alluded,  and  which  was  communicated  to  the 
Linnean  Society  by  the  Zoological  Club.  The  paper  con- 
tains minute  descriptions  of  the  genera  Pyxis  and  Kinyxis 
and  their  species,  and  is  accompanied  by  two  plates. 

The  next  paper  is  by  Mr.  Bracy  Clark,  "  On  the  Insect 
called  Oistros  by  the  Ancients,"  &c.  in  which  he  combats 
the  opinion  of  Mr.  W.  S.  MacLeay,  that  that  insect  was  not 
the  one  so  called  by  Linnaeus,  but  probably  a  Tabanus. 

Mr.  Blackwall  has  an  ingenious  paper  "On  the  Means  by 
which  Spiders  that  produce  Gossamer  effect  their  aerial  Ex- 
cursions ;"  and  which  the  author  attributes,  with  every  ap- 
pearance of  having  drawn  a  right  conclusion,  to  the  action 
of  an  ascending  current  of  warm  air,  on  which  the  slender 
fabric  is  borne  upwards  into  the  atmosphere. 

Dr.  Harwood  gives  an  account  of  a  pair  of  hinder  hands 
of  an  Oran  Otang,  in  a  paper  communicated  by  the  Zoo- 
logical Club. 

Mr.  Bicheno's  paper  "  On  Systems  and  Methods  in  Na- 
tural History"  should  be  studied  with  attention  by  every 
Naturalist  who  contemplates  innovations  in  the  science.  But 
I  dare  not  venture  to  compress  his  arguments  into  narrower 
bounds  than  those  they  occupy  in  the  original  paper. 

There  is  also  a  paper  by  R.  Hills,  Esq.  F.L.S.  giving  a 
further  account  of  the  Antilope  Chickara,  Hardw.,  with  a' 
fine  engraving  by  Mr.  Thomas  Landseer,  from  a  beautifiil 
drawing  by  Mr.  Hills.  It  would  appear  that  the  figure 
in  the  14th  volume  of  the  Linnean  Transactions,  and  that 
in  the  44°*  livraison  of  the  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Mam- 
miferes,  have  been  taken,  by  a  strange  coincidence,  from 
specimens  imperfect  in  the  same  parts ;  and  if  M.  Duvau- 
cel,  who  gave  an  account  of  the  animal  in  the  latter  work, 


18 

lias  displayed  superior  knowle(Jge  in  his  description,  we 
must  infer,  from  the  facts  stated  in  this  paper  and  in  the 
former  one  by  General  Hardwicke,  that  he  has  not  shown 
equal  candour  in  acknowledging  the  sources  whence  he 
drew  his  information. 

The  9th  and  10th  numbers  of  the  Zoological  Journal 
have  appeared  since  our  last  Anniversary ;  and  are  rich  in 
valuable  communications  from  authors  whose  names  it  is 
justly  proud  of  inscribing  in  its  pages  :  and  I  rejoice  to  say 
that  the  list  is  as  numerous,  as  it  is  honourable  both  to  the 
Journal  itself  and  to  those  who  by  their  contributions  have 
established  at  once  its  celebrity  and  their  own. 

The  Philosophical  Magazine  for  the  present  year  has 
some  valuable  papers  on  Zoological  subjects,  principally  by 
Mr.  Gray :  and  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science  also  has 
some  communications  from  Mr.  Swainson  and  other  au- 
thors, who  deservedly  hold  an  exalted  rank  in  Zoological 
science :  and  the  Scotch  periodicals  have  several  very  in- 
teresting memoirs  on  similar  subjects; — but  my  time  forbids 
more  distinct  mention  of  them. 

Of  separate  works  on  subjects  connected  with  Natural 
History  which  have  appeared  in  this  country  within  the 
last  twelve  months,  I  must  enumerate  the  2nd  number 
of  Jardine  and  Selby's  general  work  on  Ornithology.  The 
2nd  and  3rd  numbers  of  the  Water-Birds  of  Selby's  "  Illus- 
trations of  British  Ornithology."  The  last  part  of  the  Mam- 
malia of  GrifiBth's  "  Animal  Kingdom."  And  one  on  Fossil 
Organic  Remains ; — ^and  the  first  part  of  the  Birds  is  adver- 
tised to  be  published  tomorrow. 

Fox's  Synopsis  of  the  Newcastle  Museum.  The  work  of 
an  indefatigable  author,  devoted  to  Natural  History. 

The  last  volume  and  index  of  Shaw's  Zoology,  by  Ste- 
phens. 

Ornithologia,  by  Jennings. 


19 

Eleven  numbers  (viz.  37 — *7  inclusive)  of  the  4th  volume 
of  Curtis's  British  Entomology. 

Seven  numbers  of  Stephens's  Illustrations  of  British  Ento-^ 
mology. 

Four  numbers  of  Brown's  Illustrations  of  the  Conchology 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Two  numbers  of  Sowerby's  Genera  of  Recent  and  Fossil 
Shells. — And 

Lastly,  (but  certainly  not  in  any  respect  least,)  Audubon's 
Birds  of  America.  In  addition  to  which,  I  am  happy  to 
announce  that  the  4th  volume  of  Mr.  Haworth's  work  on 
British  Lepidoptera  may  soon  be  expected. 

Of  Anatomical  and  Physiological  works,  there  have  ap- 
peared : 

Gore's  Translation  of  Carus's  Introduction  to  the  Com- 
parative Anatomy  of  Animals,  2  vols.  8vo.  with  a  4to  vo- 
lume of  plates. 

The  second  edition  of  Lawrence's  Translation  of  Blu- 
menbach's  Manual  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  revised  by 
Coulson. — And, 

Conversations  on  the  Animal  Economy,  by  a  Physician. 

It  is  with  regret  that  I  feel  compelled  to  confine  myself 
to  the  mere  enumeration  of  works  of  so  exalted  merit  as 
many  of  those  I  have  just  mentioned,  and  to  omit  allu- 
sion to  foreign  publications  altogether.  Want  of  time,  and 
the  fear  of  utterly  exhausting  your  patience,  which  I  feel  I 
have  already  most  unreasonably  exercised,  oblige  me  to  this 
course,  and  admonish  me  to  silence.  Yet,  ere  I  conclude,  I 
cannot  but  remind  you  that  the  day  we  have  chosen  for  the 
celebration  of  the  Anniversary  of  the  Zoological  Club,  is  that 
which  witnessed  the  birth  of  the  Father  of  the  science.  To 
dwell  on  the  scientific  merits  of  John  Ray,  before  such  an  au- 
dience as  I  have  the  honour  to  address,  would  be  little  short 
of  impertinence  and  folly.     The  first  modern  NaturaUst  of 

B  2 


20 

Continental  Europe  has  pronounced  him  "  Le  premier  ve- 
ritable methodiste  pour  le  Regne  Animal,"  and  even  "  Le 
truide  principal  de  Linnaeus  dans  cette  partie ;"  and  very  re- 
cently the  same  high  authority,  in  the  Prospectus  to  his  great 
forth-coming  work,.  ^''  UHistoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons" 
speaking  of  the  most  celebrated  Ichthyologists  of  the  past 
ages,  attributes  to  our  illustrious  countryman  the  honour  of 
having  first  reduced  the  Fishes  to  a  systematic  order : — 
"  C'est  a  Willughby  et  a  Ray  qu'etait  reserve  I'honneur  de 
faire  ce  pas  a  la  science :  I'ouvrage  qui  porte  le  nom  de  Wil- 
lughby, mais  qui  est  le  resultat  des  travaux  communs  de 
ces  deux  naturalistes,  et  se  fonde  en  grande  partie  sur  leurs 
observations,  presente  des  descriptions  correctes  de  plus  de 
quatre  cents  poissons,  et  les  range  d'apres  la  nature  du 
squelette,  celle  des  rayons  de  la  dorsale,  la  presence  ou 
I'absence  des  ventrales,  et  d'autres  considerations  egale- 
ment  importantes.  Les  especes  y  sont  surtout  en  beau- 
coup  d'endroits  rapprochees  si  naturellement,  qu'il  suffisait 
de  leur  donner  des  noms  communs  pour  former  de  ses 
reunions  plusieurs  des  genres  qui  ont  ete  recus  depuis." 

It  appears  in  point  of  fact,  according  to  Derhara,  that 
the  xohole  merit  of  systematic  arrangement  in -the  work 
above  alluded  to,  is  Ray's ;  for  it  is  expressly  stated  that 
the  "noble  materials"  which  Willughby  left  behind  him, 
wei-e  indigested  and  confused  ,•  and  that  out  of  them,  Ray 
"  revised,  supplied-,  methodized,  and  fitted  for  the  press  the 
Ichthyology." 

I  have  already  disclaimed  all  intention  of  discussing  the 
scientific  merits  of  John  Ray,  as  a  Naturalist,  before  an 
audience  much  more  competent  than  myself  to  appreciate 
the  value  of  his  works  :  but  I  may  be  allowed  to  say,  that 
the  abilities  of  his  head  were  equalled  only  by  the  excellence 
of  his  heart.  It  is  impossible  to  read  his  Itineraries ;  bis 
Three  Discourses  on  the  Chaos,  Deluge,  and  Dissolution  of 


'       21 

the  World ;  his  Wisdom  of  God  in  the  Creation ;  or  the 
beautiful  Prayers,  added  from  his  own  MSS.  by  the  editor, 
at  the  end  of  his  Life  by  Derham,  without  feeling  convinced, 
that  as  his  mind  was  stored  with  all  the  best  learning  of  his 
day,  so  his  heart  was  the  seat  of  a  fervent,  but  pure  and 
unaffected  piety;  and  his  moral  conduct  through  life  af- 
forded one  continual  practical  illustration  of  the  solidity  and 
sincerity  of  his  virtues.  His  character  is  honestly  and  beau- 
tifully stated  in  the  Latin  epitaph  on  his  monument,  which 
may  be  found  in  the  little  work,  edited  by  Scott,  entitled 
"  Select  Remains  of  the  learned  John  Ray." 

I  have  only  a  very  few  more  words  to  add.  Ray  was 
born  on  the  29th  of  November,  1628 ;  consequently  the 
next  year  will  be  the  Two  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  his 
birth.  Should  not  British  Zoologists  celebrate  the  Jubilee ! 
Let  us  mark  it  by  more  than  the  common  ceremonies  of 
our  Anniversary,  and  devote  the  day  to  that  innocent,  cheer- 
ful conviviality,  which  he  himself  loved  and  cherished,  and 
pour  out  a  generous  libation  to  the  immortal  memory  of 
John  Ray. 

I  beg  leave  once  more,  Gentlemen,  to  thank  you  for  the 
honour  you  have  done  me  in  having  placed  me  in  this 
Chair,  and  to  assure  you  that  it  will  always  be  my  first 
wish  to  prove  myself  not  altogether  unworthy  of  it,  by  pro- 
moting, to  the  utmost  of  my  power,  the  interests  of  Natural 
History,  and  the  welfare  of  the  Zoological  Club. 


THE  END. 


Printed  by  Richard  Taylor, 
lied  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street. 


P.S. — In  consequence  of  the  hint  thrown  out  towards  the 
conclusion  of  the  preceding  Address,  it  was  unanimously 
Resolved,  "  That  the  suggestion  of  the  Chairman  for  the 
solemn  celebration  of  the  Two  Hundredth  Anniversary  of 
the  Birth  of  our  illustrious  countryman  John  Ray,  be 
adopted ;  and  that  a  Committee  be  appointed,  with  power 
to  add  to  their  number,  for  carrying  the  same  into  effect, 
on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  event  it  is  proposed  to 
celebrate." 

The  following  Gentlemen  were  nominated  as  the  Com- 
mittee. 

Thomas  Bell,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 

E.  T.  Bennett,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 

J.  E.  Bicheno,  Esq.  F.R.S.  &c.   Secretary  of  the  Linnean 

Society. 
J.  Brookes,  Esq.  F.R.S.  F.L.S.  &c. 
J.  G.  Children,  Esq.  F.R.S.  L.  &  E.  F.L.S.  &c. 
A.  H.  Haworth,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 
Rev.  W.  Kirby,  F.R.S.  F.L.S.  &c. 
J.  Morgan,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 
J.  F.  Stephens,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 
R.  Taylor,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 
N.  A.  Vigors,  Esq.  F.R.S.  F.L.S.  &c.   Secretary  of  the 

Zoological  Society. 
W.  Yarrell,  Esq.  F.L.S.  &c. 


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